Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex mental health condition, and there isn’t a single cause. Instead, BPD usually develops from a mix of genetic, biological and environmental factors.
Understanding these can help make sense of why some people develop BPD and others do not.
Genetics and family history
Research suggests that BPD can run in families. If a close relative has BPD or another mental health condition, you may be at a higher risk of developing it. Genes can influence how your brain regulates emotions, reacts to stress and forms attachments with others.
However, having a family history doesn’t mean you will definitely develop BPD; it just increases the likelihood.
Brain chemistry and function
Studies show that differences in brain structure and function can play a role in BPD. Areas of the brain that regulate emotions, impulse control, and decision-making may work differently in people with BPD.
Neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that carry messages in the brain, may also be out of balance. These differences can make it harder to manage intense emotions or respond calmly to stress.
Childhood experiences
Many people with BPD have experienced trauma or stress during childhood. This can include emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, neglect or growing up in an unstable environment.
Early experiences of loss, separation, or inconsistent care can affect how you relate to others and cope with strong emotions later in life.
Environmental factors
Beyond family and early life experiences, other environmental factors can contribute to developing BPD. Stressful life events, unstable relationships, or growing up in an unpredictable or unsafe environment can all increase the risk.
These factors interact with genetic and biological vulnerabilities, shaping how BPD develops over time.
It’s usually a combination of factors
No single factor causes BPD on its own. Most often, it develops from a combination of genetics, brain chemistry, childhood experiences and environmental stress.
Each person’s situation is unique, which is why symptoms and triggers can vary widely.
Understanding BPD can help
Knowing the factors that contribute to BPD can help reduce blame or shame. BPD is not caused by weakness or personality flaws. It is a genuine mental health condition.
Recognising the causes can also make it easier to access the right support and treatment, such as therapy, coping strategies, and self-care.
Summary: What causes BPD?
BPD develops from a mix of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Family history, brain chemistry, childhood experiences, and stressful environments can all contribute.
While the causes are complex, understanding them can help people get the support and treatment they need to manage symptoms and live fulfilling lives.