Borderline personality disorder (BPD) affects how people feel about themselves, how they relate to others and how they behave. Not everyone with BPD experiences it in the same way. Researchers have identified four subtypes that help to explain the different ways BPD can show up.
These subtypes are not formal diagnoses, but they can be useful for understanding symptoms and support needs.
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What are the BPD subtypes?
The four main subtypes of BPD were first suggested by psychologist Theodore Millon. A person may fit one subtype more than others, or move between subtypes at different times. The subtypes are:
- Quiet BPD
- Impulsive BPD
- Petulant BPD
- Self-destructive BPD
These names describe common patterns of behaviour and emotional responses. Each person’s experience of BPD is unique, but understanding these subtypes can help with managing symptoms and finding the right kind of support.
Quiet BPD
People with this subtype may appear quiet, dependent or passive. They often have low self-esteem and may feel helpless or empty. This subtype is also known as discouraged BPD.
Common traits include:
- Strong fear of abandonment
- Social withdrawal or isolation
- Clinginess or codependency in relationships
- Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness
- Difficulty making decisions without reassurance
Impulsive BPD
This subtype is linked with risk-taking and acting without thinking. A person might behave in ways that are reckless or unsafe.
Common traits include:
- Engaging in risky behaviours (e.g. spending, sex, substance use)
- Acting on impulse without thinking about consequences
- Easily bored and always seeking stimulation
- Intense and short-lived relationships
- Difficulty managing anger and frustration
Petulant BPD
People with this subtype may seem irritable, moody or stubborn. They can switch quickly between feeling angry and feeling hurt.
Common traits include:
- Frequent mood swings and outbursts
- Passive-aggressive behaviour
- Sensitivity to rejection or criticism
- Feelings of being unloved or misunderstood
- Attempts to control others to avoid feeling abandoned
Self-destructive BPD
This subtype often involves harmful behaviour aimed at the self. People may struggle with strong feelings of shame or despair.
Common traits include:
- Self-harming or suicidal thoughts
- Sabotaging relationships, jobs or goals
- Feeling undeserving of help or happiness
- Extreme guilt or shame
- Pushing others away before they can be rejected
Can someone have more than one subtype?
Yes. Many people with BPD show traits of more than one subtype. The subtypes are not fixed categories. A person might relate to different subtypes at different times or during different stages of life. These labels are not meant to limit or define anyone. They can be used as tools to support understanding and guide treatment.
Summary: The 4 subtypes of BPD
BPD affects people in different ways. The four subtypes of BPD are discouraged, impulsive, petulant and self-destructive. Each subtype describes a pattern of behaviour and emotion that some people with BPD may show. A person may relate to one subtype more than others or move between them.
Understanding these subtypes can help with recognising symptoms and finding support. Everyone with BPD is different, and support should always be tailored to the individual.ward understanding counts. And you’re doing a good job, just by learning more.
